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Ian & Stuart's Australian Mac 1
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Australasian Legends
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Rainbow Hill
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MacDOS™ 2.0.0
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1994-08-01
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Started log file "listHelp.out" 94-08-01 13:01:28
help ?
! ALARM CALL CD CHDIR
CLOSE CLS CONFIRM COPY DATE
DECR DEL DIR ECHO ECHO.
EJECT ERASE EXIT FOR GOTO
HELP IF INCR LOG MD
MEM MKDIR MORE NEXT ONERROR
OPEN PATH PAUSE PRINT PROMPT
RD READ REM REN RENAME
RENDIR REPEAT RESTART RMDIR SERIAL
SET SHIFT SHOW SHUTDOWN SSTR
SUBSTVOL TIME TOUPPER TREE TYPE
VER VERIFY VOL WRITE XCOPY
help "!"
Identifies comments.
! [comment]
help "ALARM"
Directs MacDOS to report errors and warnings via a dialog box.
ALARM [ON | OFF]
Without a parameter, ALARM reports the current setting.
help "CALL"
While in batch, executes a program and returns to the next line of
the original program.
CALL file [param]
file is a filename, possibly preceded by a volume and path spec.
If file is of type 'TEXT', MacDOS executes is as a batch program.
If file identifies an application or an AppleScript, MacDOS
launches it. If file identifies a document, MacDOS launches the
corresponding application and passes to it the document.
param are passed to the program being called if it is a batch. If file
identifies an application, MacDOS passes the first parameter to it
as a document name.
help "CD"
Changes the current directory or displays its name.
CD [dir]
dir is the name of the new directory and can include volume
and path.
When two dots are used as directory name, CD changes
to the parent directory.
When a volume ID followed by a colon is used as directory
name, CD displays the current directory in the given
volume.
Without directory name, CD displays the current volume
and directory.
help "CHDIR"
Changes the current directory or displays its name.
CHDIR [dir]
dir is the name of the new directory and can include volume
and path.
When two dots are used as directory name, CHDIR changes
to the parent directory.
When a volume ID followed by a colon is used as directory
name, CHDIR displays the current directory in the given
volume.
Without directory name, CHDIR displays the current volume
and directory.
help "CLOSE"
Closes a file opened with the command OPEN.
CLOSE fileID
fileID is the number returned by OPEN.
No error or warning is returned when the file is found already closed.
help "CLS"
Clears the console window.
CLS
help "CONFIRM"
Directs MacDOS to ask for confirmation before overwriting existing
files.
CONFIRM [ON | OFF]
Without a parameter, CONFIRM reports the current setting.
help "COPY"
Copies one or more files.
COPY source [,...] [destination] [/A] [/C=creator] [/D] [/P] [/R]
[/T=file-type] [/U] [/V]
source specifies what is to be copied.
It can be a filename, a wildcarded filename, a directory
name, or several items separated by commata. Each item can
include a volume and path spec.
destination specifies where the source should be copied to.
It can be a file or directory name, possibly preceded by
a volume and path spec.
/A appends the source to the destination.
/C=creator only copies files of the given creator.
/D only copies data forks.
/P prompts the user for confirmation before overwriting
existing files.
/R only copies resource forks.
/T=file-type only copies files of the given file type.
/U only overwrites existing destination files if the
corresponding source was updated more recently.
/V verifies that the destination has been written correctly.
help "DATE"
Displays and sets the current date or the date format.
DATE [format | date]
format is a string which specifies order and number of digits
of year, month, and day. It also specifies the separators
to be used (eg. YYY-MM-DD).
date is the date which the user wants to become the current date.
It is specified in the current format.
Without parameter, DATE displays the current date and asks for the new
date/format. The user must reply with a RETURN in order to leave both
date and format unchanged.
help "DECR"
Decrements or shortens values of variables.
DECR [+ | -]var [BY {number | string}]
[+|-]var is the name of a variable possibly preceded by a plus
or minus sign. DECR uses the sign to decide whether to
operate at the end or at the beginning of the string
contained in var.
number is a signed integer number which DECR subtracts from
var when var is numeric. When var is not numeric and
number is positive, DECR removes characters from var
(when number is negative, DECR adds spaces instead).
string is a non-numeric string. DECR removes it from var
regardless of whether var is numeric or not.
Defaults: "DECR var" is equivalent to "DECR +var BY 1"
help "DEL"
Deletes one or more files.
DEL file [C=creator] [/P] [/T=file-type]
file specifies what files are to be deleted.
It can be a filename, a wildcarded filename, or a directory
name, possibly preceded by a volume and path spec.
With a directory name, DEL deletes all the files in the
directory.
/C=creator only deletes files of the given creator.
/P prompts the user for confirmation before deleting each file.
/T=file-type only deletes files of the given file type.
help "DIR"
Lists the items contained in a directory.
DIR file [/A[[:]attributes]] [/B] [/C=creator] [/L] [/O[[:]order]]
[/P] [/S] [/T=file-type] [/W]
file identifies the file to be listed. It can also be a wildcarded
filename or a directory name, possibly preceded by a volume
and path spec.
/A lists items with specified attributes (a minus sign as a
prefix means 'not'):
D Directories
F Files
H Hidden files
X Aliases
/B list item names one per line and without headings (bare format).
/C=creator only lists files of the given creator.
/L uses lowercase when filtering entries on the basis of wildcards.
/O sorts the list with the following ordering options (a minus
sign as a prefix reverses the order):
D by Date & time of update (older first)
G Group directories first
N by Name (alphabetic)
S by Size (smallest first)
/P pauses after each screenful of listing.
/S recursive display of all subdirectories of a given directory.
/T=file-type only lists files of the given file type.
/W list item names in a wide format.
Switches may be preset in the DIRCMD environment variable. When preset,
a switch can be overriden by prefixing it in DIR with a minus sign.
help "ECHO"
Displays messages or turns batch command-echoing ON and OFF.
ECHO [ [message] | [ON | OFF] ]
ECHO.
Without a parameter, ECHO reports the current setting.
Immediately followed by a dot, ECHO displays a new-line.
help "ECHO."
Displays a new-line.
ECHO.
help "EJECT"
Removes a volume and ejects a floppy.
EJECT volume [/E]
volume is the volume ID which identifies a removable volume to
be ejected.
/E only ejects the volume without removing it from the
volume list.
help "ERASE"
Deletes one or more files.
DEL file [C=creator] [/P] [/T=file-type]
file specifies what files are to be deleted.
It can be a filename, a wildcarded filename, or a directory
name, possibly preceded by a volume and path spec.
With a directory name, DEL deletes all the files in the
directory.
/C=creator only deletes files of the given creator.
/P prompts the user for confirmation before deleting each file.
/T=file-type only deletes files of the given file type.
help "EXIT"
Quits MacDOS and other applications.
EXIT [appFile]
appFile is the filename of the application which should quit,
possibly preceded by a volume and path spec. When appFile
is missing MacDOS terminates itself.
help "FOR"
Executes a command for each file in a set.
FOR %var [/L] IN (set) DO [command [parameters] | BEGIN]
%var specifies a parameter name.
/L does not convert to upper case the filenames. This switch
can be in any position before the "DO".
set consists of one or more items. Each item is a filename (possibly
wildcarded) or a directory name. File and directory names
can be preceded by a volume and path spec.
command is the command to be carried out for each file and can be
the name of a batch file (possibly with volume and path spec).
parameters are passed to the command or batch program being executed for
each file.
FOR %var IN (set) DO BEGIN
is only allowed within a batch program. The lines following the FOR up
to the corresponding "NEXT var" are executed for each file in the set.
In this case, a global variable is created and the commands within the
loop must refer to %var% (rather than %var) to obtain the current file
name. It is up to the user to remove the variable after completing the
batch program or within the program after exiting the FOR loop.
help "GOTO"
Continues execution from a labelled line while in batch.
GOTO label
label is a string used as a label in the current batch program.
When used as a parameter of a GOTO, the label must not
contain the initial colon.
help "HELP"
Provides help information for all MacDOS commands.
HELP [entry | ?]
entry is a command name.
When the parameter is missing, HELP displays a brief summary of all
entries. When a question mark is entered as a parameter, HELP displays
the list of entries available without any detailed information.
help "IF"
Performs conditional processing in batch.
IF [NOT] {string1==string2 | EXIST filename | EXISTDIR name} {command | prog}
NOT negates the condition.
string1, string2 can contain replaceable parameters and global variables.
EXIST filename is true if the specified file exists. 'filename' can be
wildcarded and preceded by a volume and path spec. If
'filename' identifies a directory the condition is not
satisfied.
EXISTDIR name is true if the specified directory exists. 'name' can be
preceded by a volume and path spec. If 'name' identifies a
file the condition is not satisfied.
command is the command to be executed if the condition is satisfied.
prog identifies the program to be executed if the condition is
satisfied.
help "INCR"
Increments or extends values of variables.
INCR [+ | -]var [BY {number | string}]
[+|-]var is the name of a variable possibly preceded by a plus
or minus sign. INCR uses the sign to decide whether to
operate at the end or at the beginning of the string
contained in var.
number is a signed integer number which INCR adds to var when
var is numeric. When var is not numeric and number is
positive, INCR appends/prepends spaces to var (when
number is negative, INCR removes characters instead).
string is a non-numeric string. INCR appends/prepends it to var
regardless of whether var is numeric or not.
Defaults: "INCR var" is equivalent to "INCR +var BY 1"
help "LOG"
Captures MacDOS commands and text displayed on the monitor.
LOG [file] [/A] [/O]
LOG [/-]
file identifies the file to be used for storing the logged text.
It can include a volume and path spec. Without the 'file'
parameter, LOG closes the current log file and stops logging.
/A appends logged text to the given file instead of overwriting it.
/O directs MacDOS to log everything which is displayed, rather
than only the commands as typed by the user.
/- closes the log file but without sending the closing message
to it. This is useful when the log file is to be used as a
batch program.
help "MD"
Creates a directory.
MD directory
help "MEM"
Provides information on the list of executing processes.
MEM
help "MKDIR"
Creates a directory.
MKDIR directory
help "MORE"
Displays output information one screen at a time.
MORE < file
file is the file to be listed one screen at a time.
MORE can be used to display the output of other MacDOS commands as follows:
command | MORE
When the output is redirected to a file and the input is not redirected, MORE
can be used to generate small text files (EOF is CNTL-Z).
help "NEXT"
Terminates a multi-line FOR-loop.
NEXT varname
varname is the control variable of the FOR-loop and should be typed
without the percent signs used to obtain the variable value.
Note that FORs cannot be nested.
help "ONERROR"
Specifies a label for error handling in batch.
ONERROR [label]
label is the label at which execution should continue whenever an
error occurs within a batch program. Without this parameter,
ONERROR resets the error handling and no jump takes place
when an error occurs.
help "OPEN"
Opens a text file.
OPEN [file [varID]] [{/R | /W | /A}]
file is a filename possibly preceded by a volume and path spec.
The file can be closed with the command CLOSE.
With no parameters, OPEN displays the list of opened files.
varID is the name of the variable where the fileID is to be stored.
If it is missing, the fileID is displayed on the screen.
/R opens an existing text file to read (see the command READ).
If the file does not exist, OPEN fails. /R is the default
when no switch is provided.
/W opens a new text file to write (see the command WRITE). If
the file already exists, OPEN deletes it before opening the
new one.
/A opens an existing file to write past the current EOF (see the
command WRITE). If the file does not exist, OPEN creates it.
Only one of /R, /W, and /A at a time is allowed in a command.
help "PATH"
Displays and sets a search path for executable files.
PATH [paths]
paths is a list of paths separated by semicolons. If the
parameter 'paths' is missing, PATH displays the current
list. If 'paths' consists of a single semicolon, PATH
resets the list.
Example: path c:\;\bin;1:\batches
"PATH paths" is equivalent to "SET PATH=paths"
help "PAUSE"
Suspends execution of a batch program and asks the user whether execution
should be resumed.
PAUSE
help "PRINT"
Prints text files.
PRINT [file] [/P] [/D]
file specifies what is to be printed.
It can be a filename, a wildcarded filename, or a directory
name, possibly preceded by a volume and path spec.
PRINT ignores files which are not of type 'TEXT'.
If 'file' is missing, PRINT prints the console window.
/P prompts the user for confirmation before printing
each file.
/D displays the standard Print dialog before printing the
first file of a series.
help "PROMPT"
Changes the command prompt.
PROMPT [text]
text is the new command prompt. When the parameter 'text' is missing,
PROMPT resets to the default ($N$G).
PROMPT sees a dollar sign as an indication that the following character
is to be interpreted as a special code. The following codes are supported:
$Q = (equal sign)
$$ $ (dollar sign)
$T system time
$D current date
$P current volume and path
$V MacDOS version number
$N current volume
$G > (greater-than sign)
$L < (less-than sign)
$B | (pipe)
$H backspace (erases the previous character)
$E escape (ASCII code 27)
$_ new-line
help "RD"
Deletes (removes) a directory.
RD directory
help "READ"
Reads a line of text from a file opened with OPEN.
READ fileID [var]
fileID is the number returned by OPEN.
The file can be closed with the command CLOSE and is automatically
closed when the EOF is read.
var is the name of the global variable where the line is to be stored.
If it is missing, the line is displayed on the screen.
READ strips the newline character (CR) at the end of each line
containing more than one character, and replaces it with a space
if the line only contains the CR. This guarantees that a non-empty
line is always returned.
help "REM"
Identifies comments (remarks).
REM [comment]
help "REN"
Changes name, creator, and/or file-type of one or more files. It also
assigns the current date/time and toggles the ‘hidden’ file attribute.
REN source [destination] [/!] [/C=src-creator] [/C!dst-creator] [/D]
[/H] [/L] [/T=src-file-type] [/T!dst-file-type]
source specifies what is to be renamed.
It can be a filename, a wildcarded filename, or a
directory name, possibly preceded by a volume and path spec.
destination specifies the new name[s].
It can only be a file name, possibly wildcarded but NOT
preceded by a volume and path spec.
/! automatically modifies the destination filenames if there
are duplicates, so that the command can be completed.
/C=src-creator only renames files of the given src-creator.
/C!dst-creator changes the creator to the given dst-creator.
/D assigns the current date/time to the source.
/H makes visible the hidden sources and hides the visible
sources.
/L makes the selection of sources case sensitive.
/T=src-file-type only renames files of the given src-file-type.
/T!dst-file-type changes the file type to the given dst-file-type.
help "RENAME"
Changes name, creator, and/or file-type of one or more files. It also
assigns the current date/time and toggles the ‘hidden’ file attribute.
REN source [destination] [/!] [/C=src-creator] [/C!dst-creator] [/D]
[/H] [/L] [/T=src-file-type] [/T!dst-file-type]
source specifies what is to be renamed.
It can be a filename, a wildcarded filename, or a
directory name, possibly preceded by a volume and path spec.
destination specifies the new name[s].
It can only be a file name, possibly wildcarded but NOT
preceded by a volume and path spec.
/! automatically modifies the destination filenames if there
are duplicates, so that the command can be completed.
/C=src-creator only renames files of the given src-creator.
/C!dst-creator changes the creator to the given dst-creator.
/D assigns the current date/time to the source.
/H makes visible the hidden sources and hides the visible
sources.
/L makes the selection of sources case sensitive.
/T=src-file-type only renames files of the given src-file-type.
/T!dst-file-type changes the file type to the given dst-file-type.
help "RENDIR"
Changes the name of a single directory.
REN source destination
source specifies the directory to be renamed.
It can be preceded by a volume and path spec.
destination specifies the new name of the directory.
It cannot be preceded by a volume and path spec.
help "REPEAT"
Repeats a block of lines in a batch program.
REPEAT label
label identifies the last line to be executed before returning to
the first line of the block. As a label cannot be followed by
a command in the same line, the block to be repeated consists
of all the lines between the REPEAT and the corresponding label.
Repeats cannot be nested.
You can replace a "REPEAT label"/":label" with a ":label"/"GOTO label".
help "RESTART"
Restarts the Macintosh.
RESTART
help "RMDIR"
Deletes (removes) a directory.
RMDIR directory
help "SERIAL"
Directs MacDOS to use the modem serial port for Input/Output.
SERIAL [inout | OFF] [/M]
inout specifies the ports to be used for serial communication.
It consists of a pair of letters (not case sensitive) which
specify the port to be used for input and output respectively.
For example:
AA sets both input and output to port A (the modem port).
MacDOS then sends to port A all characters displayed in
the console window, and accepts characters from port A as
if they had been typed on the keyboard.
BA sets the input to port B (the printer port) and the output
to port A (the modem port). MacDOS then sends to port A
all characters displayed in the console window, and accepts
characters from port B as if they had been typed on the
keyboard.
Note that the console window and the keyboard remain operational
while I/O via the serial port[s] is enabled.
OFF disables I/O via the serial port[s].
/M specifies that MacDOS has just to Monitor the characters read
from the serial port instead of interpreting them as commands.
By default, MacDOS accepts commands from the serial port.
Without a parameter, SERIAL reports the current setting.
The port is set to 9600 bps, no parity, 8 data bits, 1 stop bit, and
hardware handshaking.
help "SET"
Displays, sets, and removes global variables.
SET [var=[value]]
var is the name of the variable.
value is the string to be assigned to the variable. When the parameter
'value' is missing, SET removes user-defined variables and
resets to their default system variables.
Without parameters, SET displays the list of variables with their values.
help "SHIFT"
Moves the replaceable parameters of a batch program forward one position.
SHIFT
help "SHOW"
Retrieves the message corresponding to an error code.
SHOW err [var]
err is the error code for which the message should be displayed
var is the variable where SHOW stores the message. If 'var' is
missing, SHOW displays the message on the screen.
If no message can be found, SHOW returns the parameter err itself.
As additional parameters are ignored, SHOW can also be used to
select the first word of a sentence.
help "SHUTDOWN"
Shits down the Macintosh.
SHUTDOWN
help "SSTR"
Extracts substrings from variables.
SSTR var [delim] [/E] [/L | /R]
var is the name of the variable from which the substring is
to be extracted. SSTR replaces the content of 'var' with
the substring.
delim is the string which delimits the substring. MacDOS searches
'var' and stops when it finds 'delim'. Depending on the
presence of switches, MacDOS extract from 'var' the
substring on the left or on the right of 'delim'. If 'delim'
is empty or missing or if 'delim' is not found within 'var',
'var' is left unchanged. An error condition occurs when 'var'
does not contain 'delim'.
Note that 'delim' must precede any switch if it begins with '/'.
/E searches 'var' from the End (i.e. from right to left).
Without /E, SSTR searches 'var' from left to right.
/L extracts the substring on the Left of 'delim' (this is the
default).
/R extracts the substring on the Right of 'delim'.
/L and /R cannot be present simultaneously. Note that the searches
are always case sensitive. Use TOUPPER to convert strings to upper
case, so that searches can be made case insensitive.
Examples:
! initially VAR contains: "a few chars and nothing more"
SSTR VAR "and nothing"
! VAR now contains: "a few chars "
SSTR VAR /E " "
! VAR now contains: "a few chars"
SSTR VAR w /R
! VAR now contains: " chars"
help "SUBSTVOL"
Associates a letter to a volume ID.
SUBSTVOL letter volume
letter is a character between 'A' and 'Z' (case is irrelevant).
volume is a volume identifier (1 is the first volume mounted and
corresponds to the startup volume).
help "TIME"
Displays and sets the system time or the time format.
TIME [time]
time is the time which should become the new system time. Also,
the format of the new time becomes the new format used by
MacDOS whenever it displays a time. If you type midnight (i.e.
00:00:00a in 12h format and 24:00:00 in 24h format), MacDOS
only updates the time format and leaves the system time unchanged.
If you omit time, MacDOS displays the current system time in the
current format and prompts you for a new time. You can then type
the new time, or hit Carriage Return if you do not want to change
anything.
help "TOUPPER"
Converts variables to uppercase.
TOUPPER var
var is the name of the variable to be converted. TOUPPER
replaces the content of 'var' with its uppercase version.
help "TREE"
Displays a directory structure graphically.
TREE path [/A[[:]attributes]] [/B] [/C=creator] [/L] [/O[[:]order]]
[/P] [/S] [/T=file-type] [/W]
TREE accepts all the switches defined for DIR, but some of them have no
effect.
path is the root of the tree. It defaults to the current directory.
/F displays the filenames in each directory.
/A lists items with specified attributes (a minus sign as a
prefix means 'not'):
D Directories
F Files
H Hidden files
X Aliases
Note that /A:-F overrides /F. Therefore, "TREE /A-F/F" will NOT
display files.
/B no effect.
/C=creator only lists files of the given creator.
/L uses lowercase when filtering entries on the basis of wildcards.
/O sorts the list with the following ordering options (a minus
sign as a prefix reverses the order):
D by Date & time of update (older first)
G Group directories first
N by Name (alphabetic)
S by Size (smallest first)
/P pauses after each screenful of listing.
/S recursive display of all subdirectories of a given directory.
/T=file-type only lists files of the given file type.
/W no effect.
Switches may be preset in the DIRCMD environment variable. When preset,
a switch can be overriden by prefixing it in TREE with a minus sign.
help "TYPE"
Displays the content of a text file on the monitor.
TYPE file [/H | /R]
/H dumps in HEX the data fork of 'file'
/R dumps in HEX the resource fork of 'file'
help "VER"
Displays the version of MacDOS.
VER
help "VERIFY"
Directs MacDOS to verify that files are written correctly when copied.
VERIFY [ON | OFF]
Without a parameter, VERIFY reports the current setting.
help "VOL"
Displays the volume name.
VOL [volume]
volume is the volume letter or volume ID. It defaults to the current volume.
help "WRITE"
Writes a line of text to a file opened with OPEN.
WRITE fileID what
fileID is the number returned by OPEN.
The file can be closed with the command CLOSE.
what is the line of text to be written into the file. Note that
the text must be quoted if it contains spaces. WRITE
appends a newline character (CR) to each line before
writing it into the file.
help "XCOPY"
Copies directories and directory trees.
XCOPY source [destination] [/C=creator] [/D:date] [/E] [/P] [/S] [/T=file-type] [/V]
source identifies the directory to be copied.
destination identifies the location of the new files. It defaults to the
current directory.
/C=creator only copies files of the given creator.
/D:date copies files changed on or after the specified date.
/E copies all [sub]directories, even if empty.
/P prompts the user before creating each destination file.
/S copies directories and subdirectories except empty ones.
/T=file-type only copies files of the given type.
/V verifies each file copied.
Hidden files are not copied.
Aliases are not resolved. Therefore, aliased folders appear in the
copied directory as they appeared in the original one.
Files and subdirectories cannot be copied onto themselves. Therefore,
'source' and 'destination' must identify different directories.
log
Stopping log file "listHelp.out" 94-08-01 13:02:01